Sunday, January 26, 2020
The Major Security Issues In Malaysia Criminology Essay
The Major Security Issues In Malaysia Criminology Essay The concept of national security involves the preparations against threats to a countrys national independence, territorial integrity and national sovereignty emanating from internal or external forces or a combination of the two. The goal of national security is to protect the core values of the state: ideology, sovereignty, territory, government regime and citizens. Buzan et al (1998) suggests that security is effected by factors in five major sectors: military, political, economic, societal and environmental. [3] Since the beginning of World War Two (WWII) there have been many significant events across these five major sectors, which have shaped Malaysias national security. The most significant of these events include the Japanese occupation during WWII, the communist threat during the Cold War, the Confrontation with Indonesia, the 13 May 1969 race riots and the 9/11 terrorists attacks. There are also many non-traditional threats, both internal and external across all secto rs that continue to shape Malaysias approach to national security today. The aim of this paper is to outline and critically evaluate the major security issues that have changed the outlook on, and approach to national security in Malaysia. This essay will discuss major security issues that have shaped Malaysias approach to national security since the beginning of WWII. The Japanese influence on Malaya up to WWII had been positive in terms of invigorating Malay Nationalism and brought on the idea that Asian could challenge western powers. [4] However, the Japanese occupation during WWII created a lasting memory for Malaysias future elite in that it shaped their thoughts regarding the need for self-reliance in terms of security and defence. [5] Under British rule after the War, and on the eve of an evolving nationalist movement for independence, Malaya was challenged by a serious internal security threat communist terrorists. The First and Second Malayan Emergencies and the threat of communism are significant security events in the evolution of Malaysias national security. The success of the counterinsurgency (COIN) made it an example for COIN operations around the world. [6] Through KESBAN and RASCOM [7] Malaysia had established a whole of Government approach to internal security issues, primarily focused on communist terrorists, however Malaysia was still dependent on external support against external conventional threats through the Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement (AMDA) and later the Five Powers Defence Arrangement (FPDA). [8] Malaysias focus on COIN operations through the Malayan Emergencies made it vulnerable to external conventional threats. Although the Confrontation with Indonesia in the 1960s and the fall of Saigon following the Vietnam War failed to perpetuate into full-scale war for Malaysia these events had two significant impacts on Malaysias outlook, and approach to national security. Firstly, as Malaysia was still reliant on the British to deal with external conventional threats through the AMDA and from 1971 the FPDA, they needed to assure national security by pursuing regional security through diplomatic means until its Defence Forces were sufficiently matured to deal with conventional threats. Malaysia was a key driver in establishing ASEAN and ZOPFAN as well as normalising ties with China and Vietnam. [9] Secondly, the events spurred military expansion toward developing a conventional war fighting capability. [10] It is difficult to determine if Malaysias continued military expansion and modernisation is the result of an Asian arms race as Soong asserts [11] or just the need to develop one of the smallest Defence Forces in the region [12] to one that is suitably self-reliant in accordance with the desires of the National Defence Policy. [13] Nevertheless, the development and maintenance of a credible conventional war fighting capability does little when the threat to security is from within as Malaysia was sadly to learn on 13 May 1969. The 13 May 1969 race riots are said to be one of the darkest moments in Malaysian history. [14] The reasons for the riots are many and varied but can be summarised as racial indifference regarding national language, Malay special rights, citizenship rights, and education policy. In essence, the tensions between the Malays and Chinese grew out of the perceived or actual threat posed to each races existence either through a lack of policy or policy itself. In terms of national security, racial tensions had been bubbling away in the background of other more conventional threats such as Communism and the Confrontation with Indonesia. [15] Regardless of the causes of the riots this watershed moment, Malaysian political life was refashioned, the whole notion of internal security took on another dimension, [16] based on race relations. Racial tensions have continued to challenge Malaysias approach to internal security with the 1998 Muslim-Hindu conflict in Kumpang Rawa, Pe nang; the 2001 Taman Medan Incident; the run-ins with HINDRAF and more recently the protests in Kuala Lumpur on 27 February 2011 regarding disparaging remarks against Malay Indians in the school text book and novel Interlok. [17] In sum, there were 1060 racial incidents in 2010 involving Malays, Chinese and Indians that continue to threaten Malaysias political stability and social harmony. [18] In so much as the 13 May 1969 was a wakeup call to significant internal security issues that threaten political stability and social harmony the fix appears to be more oriented on policing rather than policy. [19] Hence, a ticking time bomb remains so long as the lid of policing on the boiling pot of racial inequity has a political [20] flame that remains unattended. The 11 September 2001 attacks not only changed Malaysias outlook on, and approach to national security but that of the West and much of the developing world. [21] The threat to Malaysia from this event and later the Bali bombings in 2002 and 2005, the Jakarta JW Marriot bombing in 2003 and the 2004 Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta was two fold. First was the fact that Malaysia, like any other country, could be a target of violent non-state actors (VNSA). [22] Secondly, and more alarming was that Malaysia was a predominantly Muslim state and could be linked to radical Islamic groups such as Kumpulan Militan Malaysia (KMM) and Jemaah Islamiah (JI) and their alleged connection with Al-Qaeda. Such allegations and proof of links could erode investor confidence in Malaysia and be economically and politically devastating. [23] These fears were later realised when it was discovered that two of the masterminds behind the Indonesian bombings were Malaysians. [24] M alaysias response was to establish the Southeast Asia Regional Centre for Counter Terrorism (SEARCCT) in July 2003. [25] Today there are a number of security issues that continue to shape Malaysias approach to national security. The complex overlapping claims over the resource rich Spratly Islands (and the claim to Sabah by the Philippines) has seen the Malaysian Armed Forces commit significant air, sea and troop assets in the region to defend and protect its claims, particularly on the Ardasier, Mariveles and Swallow Reefs. [26] Further civil (through the Maritime Enforcement Agency (MEA) and Naval sea and air assets remain committed to patrolling and enforcing Malaysias sea lines of communication and its Economic Exclusion Zones (EEZ) from piracy and illegal fishing. Stretching these security assets further are issues such as organised crime, illegal immigrants, smuggling, and sea pollution. Malaysias Navy, Airforce and MEA continue to receive sizeable proportions of the Defence and Security budgets to modernise and expand to deal with these threats. [27] Other non-traditional and non-military threats continue increasing and thus shape Malaysias approach to security. These include smuggling goods and services, illegal immigration, drug trafficking, communicable diseases, deviant and cult groups, extremism, refugees, ethnic conflicts, environment disasters, cyber crime and several other illegal activities that can be categorised as organised crime. These threats have seen Malaysias approach to security focus more toward non-military threats in recent years. [28] If there is a lesson to be relearned from the past for Malaysia regarding an approach to national security it is the need for a holistic approach as was evident with the implementation of KESBAN in response to the Second Malayan Emergency. Malaysias defence management has a clear chain of command from the National Security Council (NSC) through to the lowest rungs of the Armed Forces and Police Force. [29] Security management is problematic, however. Eight ministries/agencies and 12 departments are responsible for the security of Malaysia. [30] Thus creates the problem where interagency barriers hinder the timely application of force against a threat from a particular threat sector based on the untimely dissemination of intelligence [31] and generally poor coordination. [32] Although, there is a significant level of cooperation between individual agencies responsible for national security it is only achieved at an interagency level rather than through the chai n of command [33] . Conclusion There have been several major security issues that have shaped the outlook and approach to security in Malaysia since WWII. The Japanese invasion shaped thought and provided the desire for self-reliance, the Malayan Emergencies shaped and drove a whole of Government approach to national security, the Confrontation and the US withdrawal from Vietnam drove Military expansion for security and defence toward countering external conventional threats and the bloody 13 May 1969 shaped Malaysias approach back toward internal security issues. More recently, the 9/11 attacks and myriad other non-conventional and non-military threats continue to challenge and shape Malaysias approach to national security. Of note are the internal threats to security where the approach appears to be policing over policy. The author believes that unless positive and clear progress is made in these areas that racial tensions will again boil to the surface.
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Managerial Epidemiology for Gerontological Health Care
Gerontology is the scientific study of aging as well its effects. In the recent years, the field of gerontology had been the focus of many concerned citizen because there is a significant increase on the elder sector of the society. Practically all academic disciplines and non-academic professions are affected by the aging of Americans. The study of aging and associated issues, therefore, will be of critical importance during the next century as the â€Å"baby boomers†pass into the ranks of the older generation. For this paper, the main objective is to have a study about gerontology in a managerial perspective. It will focus on the kind of healthcare service that will be given on the elder sector without compromising the quality of the said service. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The Healthcare Industry The healthcare industry is one of the most fast growing industries in the world. The main purpose of the industry is to provide health services like prevention, treatment of diseases, and the maintenance of wellness through the combined force of doctors and other related profession. Problems in Healthcare Industry A.   Low Quality of Healthcare service Some healthcare service has low quality of service they offered. This is because of the financial status of healthcare center. They cannot afford to buy medicines and apparatus for their services. This is mainly on the poor status of a certain country.(Emerald, 2006) B.  Recruitment and Human Resource Quality Shortage and low quality of doctors and other related profession is another problem of healthcare industry. This will lower the healthcare services that will need by several people. Solutions to the Dilemma A.   Implementation of New Technology Implementations of information and communication technology of healthcare industry will vehicle the development and improvement of the industry in offering medical care. (Sangaran, 2006) B.    Good Recruitment Even though healthcare industry is one of the fastest growing industries, the recruitment is one of the problems. Proper staffing, improvement on the salary and benefits and a safe working place will attract people to go in healthcare industry. (Goldstein, 2006) C.   Retain Valuable Employees Retain employees that have high quality in proper attitude towards work. These qualities are being responsible, high motivation in their work and skilled and talented personnel. These are the main key for the success of the industry. (â€Å"Retain Valuable Employees.†2006) D.   Sets Standards Sets of standards must be made to guide the employees in their work. These standards will be used to provide ethics as they serve their patients. Technology and Research In the advent of the advance technology, new methods and materials were produce to prolong the life of man. In this stage also were health care industry was more known. Many benefits to man are provided by the said industry. It helps and maintains good health on man and prevents further illness. High technology brought many positive changes to human kind. It produces many tools to help people life easier. Another breakthrough in the field of medicines and therapies is the result from many research studies. Many findings brought significant result that help to prolong and sustain a healthy aging among elder citizens. It also produces many medicines that lower the rate of mortality and prolonging life. With this, population in the world gradually increases (Wilfond, 2005). From the given statement, we will have a intelligent guess that intervention of technology as well the application of findings of research will have a significant effect on the effectiveness and preventive ness in the elder care sector. The most evident form of intervention of technology in the healthcare industry is the utilization of newly advance medical equipments. These equipments are capable of detecting possible health problems as well able to cure patient elder people. Moreover, with this high sophisticated apparatus, physicians can do medical operation easier. Some of these medical apparatus that are more advanced includes X-ray machines, MRI, surgical computers and many others. Another application of technology in medicine is telemedicine. As the name implies, it combines the application of medicine and telecommunication. Specifically, telemedicine involves telecommunications and information technology to provide clinical care to individuals at a distance and to transmit the information needed to provide. We know for the fact that elder people find it hard to go to hospital just to check the physical condition. But with the introduction of telemedicine, physicians will be able to monitor their patients who are in their own houses. Findings from research do also play vital role in the health service given to elder people because these results will be applied to the elder people. Like in the case of healthy aging where different method are examined that will make aging among elders healthier and not the other way around. These studies will provide necessary information that will lessen the effects of aging among senior citizen. These findings are being employed by many health care institutions to decrease the number of fatality on the elder sector. Examples of the proposed of many researches are to exercise, drink plenty of water, and eat the right kind of foods. Right kind of food means eating healthy and nutritious foods. Eating vegetables and fruits regularly will prevent the risk in many dangerous diseases like cancer, and heart diseases. Proper diet will ensure the normal activities of our cells, tissues and organs (Healthwise, 2007). REFERENCES: Emerald. (2006). International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance.  Retrieved    April 8, 2006 Goldstein, G. (2006). How Can A Union Solve Problems on the Job?  Retrieved           April   7, 2006 Healthwise. (2007). Healthy Aging – Topic Overview [Electronic Version]. Retrieved April 13, 2008, from http://www.webmd.com/healthy-aging/tc/ Retain Valuable Employees. (2006).  Retrieved April 6, 2006, from            http://www.piworldwide.com/PredictiveIndexApplications/Default.asp?Reference        Keywo           rd=RetainEmployees Sangaran, S. (2006). Healthcare Sector Will Benefit From ICT Implementation.            Retrieved April 7, 2006, from     http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/564850/healthcare_sector_will_benefit_fro           m_ict_implementation/index.html?source=r_health Mills, A.M., C.L. Wilkinson, and D.R. Bromham. (1996)†Guidelines for Prescribing Combined Oral Contraceptives .†British Medical Journal . Wilfond, B. (2005) â€Å"Ethical Issues with Marketing â€Å"Off Label†Drug Use in Pediatrics. .†National Institute of Health. Â
Friday, January 10, 2020
The Argument About Creative Writing Essay Samples
The Argument About Creative Writing Essay Samples The Characteristics of Creative Writing Essay Samples There are more words than you want to finish the exercise. Inside this exercise, you are going to practice writing from someone else's perspective. Again, make an effort not to overthink this exercise. Write about your standard routine. The Ultimate Creative Writing Essay Samples Trick Good rating and great reviews should tell you whatever you will need to understand about this excellent writing service. There are several narrative essay topic areas you could select from, including travel reports, in which you could relate you have travel experiences. All you have to do is to place an order and await the work. Let's say you pay for over 10 orders for the length of a class. New Ideas Into Creative Writing Essay Samples Never Before Revealed Attempt to always have a notebook on you, because you can't ever know when the inspiration comes. Not even a half of those ideas wi ll happen in your essay, but it's better if you've got a selection to select from. Indeed, it's a boldly rebellious piece. Through it, you get to interact with several parts of information which will not leave you the exact same again. You don't need to demonstrate this writing to anyone in case you don't need to. The idea is to select something which interests you while having the capability to present useful info. There is typically a selection of titles, but it's important to check the kind of topics that have come up in the tests for each school before. The best method to do it is to give examples. Another secret is thinking up fresh stories. Even after extensive practice a young child may still discover that they're running out of time. It is essential to avoid the kids from the dust in the home. You are able to relish your time without having to be worried about your grade. Furthermore, bear in mind that when you have divided this information, you'll be writing l ess for each part, and hence it won't be as difficult. If your child doesn't excel at fiction writing and you know for sure they will have a selection of factual or fiction topics, you could concentrate on developing their capacity to compose a persuasive factual essay as opposed to battling uphill with creative writing. Thus, to steer you through the full procedure, here's a list of interesting reflective essay topics. Reach to us when you desire a good example of creative writing. Anyway, it doesn't matter the amount of education of your essay. If you are thinking about how to compose creative writing essays, here are some suggestions that may be useful. There are two or three definitions that may help to define the essay topic. Try to abide by every word linked to your creative essay titles, because your intent is to learn what will bring a legitimate intrigue to your upcoming essay. You need to realize that breaks are extremely critical in your working process. You thus are not able to face the danger of getting penalized by your instructor as a result of late submissions. Just place your order to acquire an expert help anytime you demand. Write about your stance on the situation. Things You Should Know About Creative Writing Essay Samples Understanding vocabulary simply implies a person is conscious of various means of saying a specific word. In different areas accurate grammar, punctuation and spelling might be required too. Furthermore, you hav e to strengthen your grammar knowledge. In all regions of the IELTS exam, you should make an effort to demonstrate that you've got a wide understanding of English vocabulary, make sure that you write with correct spelling and prevent silly little grammar mistakes. Nobody requires a great story that's written with plenty of mistakes that completely break the entire flow. It's possible for you to select a person who you understand well, or you are able to write from the standpoint of an imagined character. Moreover, someone must understand they aren't doing this for pleasure. Many people believe because they've read lots of stories they have the capability to compose fantastic stories. A good deal of individuals feel overwhelmed with the idea of creating an eBook. An individual must commit plenty of their time to writing. It's possible to also check the amount of readability using the Readability Score which can help you to understand more on the paper you're reading. It's also confirmed in the event the formatting requirements are met. Evaluating creative writing topics is among the procedures that ensure you compose a very good paper. Therefore, it runs with amazing accuracy with no downtimes. Up in Arms About Creative Writing Essay Samples? Regarding academic writing, online sources have been shown to be of help to the majority of scholars on account of their easy accessibility and broad choices out there. So, for lots of people, it may appear appropriate to marry for mon ey in place of introduction to research paper pdf. If you are exceedingly short on time, note that it's far better to buy essays online and allow the professionals take care of researching and crafting an ideal work. If you like you may look online and find one that you like.
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
Chinas First Historically Documented Walled Cities
Shang Dynasty cities were the first historically documented urban settlements in China. The Shang Dynasty [c 1700–1050 B.C.E.] was the first Chinese dynasty to leave written records, and the idea and function of cities took on an elevated importance. The written records, mostly in the form of oracle bones, record the actions of the last nine Shang kings and describe some of the cities. The first of these historically-recorded rulers was Wu Ding, the twenty-first king of the dynasty. The Shang rulers were literate, and like other early urban dwellers, the Shang employed a useful calendar and wheeled vehicles, and practiced metallurgy, including objects of cast bronze. They used bronze for such items as vessels for ritual offerings, wine, and weapons. And they resided and ruled from large, wealthy urban settlements. Urban Capital Cities of Shang China The early cities in the Shang (and the predecessor Xia dynasty) were imperial capitalsâ€â€called palace-temple-cemetery complexesâ€â€that acted as the administrative, economic, and religious centers of government. These cities were built within fortification walls which provided defense. Later walled cities were county (hsien) and provincial capitals. The earliest Chinese urban centers were located along the banks of the middle and lower courses of the Yellow River in northern China. Since the course of the Yellow River has changed, modern maps of the ruins of the Shang Dynasty locations are no longer on the river. At the time, some of the Shang were probably still pastoral nomads, but most were sedentary, small-village agriculturists, who kept domesticated animals and raised crops. There the already-large Chinese populations over-cultivated the originally fertile land. Because China developed the techniques of using rivers for irrigation of their fields later than in the heavily trade-networked Near East and Egypt, fortified cities appeared in China more than a millennium earlier than in Mesopotamia or Egyptâ€â€at least, thats one theory. Besides irrigation per se, sharing ideas via trade routes was important to the development of civilization. Indeed, trade with tribes in the central Asian steppes may have brought one of the other components of urban culture, the wheeled chariot, to China. Aspects of Urbanism Defining what makes for a city in terms relevant for ancient China, as well as elsewhere, American archaeologist K.C. Chang wrote: Political kingship, a religious system and hierarchy that coupled with it, segmentary lineages, economic exploitation of many by a few, technological specialization and sophisticated achievements in art, writing, and science. The layout of the cities shared that of other ancient urban areas of Asia, similar to ones in Egypt and Mexico: a central core with the surrounding area divided into four regions, one for each of the cardinal directions. The Shang City of Ao The first clearly urban settlement of ancient China was called Ao. The archaeological ruins of Ao were discovered in 1950 C.E., so near the modern city of Chengchou (Zhengzhou) that the current city has hampered investigations. Some scholars, including Thorp, suggest that this location is really Bo (or Po), an earlier Shang capital than Ao, founded by the founder of the Shang Dynasty. Assuming it really is Ao, it was the 10th Shang Emperor, Chung Ting (Zhong Ding) (1562–1549 B.C.E.), who built it on the ruins of a Neolithic settlement dated to the Black pottery period. Ao was a rectangularly-walled city with fortifications like those that had surrounded villages. Such walls are described as ramparts of pounded earth. The city of Ao extended 2 km (1.2) from north to south and 1.7 km (1 mi) from east to west, yielding an area of about 3.4 square kilometers (1.3 square miles), which was large for early China, but small compared to comparably dated Near Eastern cities. Babylon, for instance, was roughly 8 sq km (3.2 sq km). Chang says the walled area was roomy enough to include some cultivated land, although probably not the peasants. Factories for making bronze, bone, horn, and ceramic objects and foundries and what may have been a distillery were mostly located outside the walls. The Great City Shang The best-studied Shang Dynasty city is the 14th century B.C.E. city of Shang, which was built, according to tradition, by the Shang ruler Pan Keng, in 1384. Known as the Great City Shang (Da Yi Shang), the 30–40 sq km city may have been located about 100 mi (160 km) north of Ao and near Anyang north of the village of Hsiao Tun. An alluvial plain created from Yellow River loess deposits surrounded Shang. Irrigated water from the Yellow River provided relatively reliable harvests in an otherwise semi-arid area. The Yellow River created a physical barrier on the north and east and part of the west. On the west was also a mountain range providing protection and, Chang says, probably hunting grounds and timber. Fortifications and Other City-Typical Objects Just because there were natural boundaries doesnt mean Shang was without a wall, although evidence of a wall has yet to be discovered. Within the central parts of the city were palaces, temples, cemeteries, and an archive. Houses were made with walls of pounded earth with light poles for roofs covered with rush matting and all plastered with mud. There were no grander structures than those made of wattle and daub, although Chang says there might have been two-story buildings. The Great City Shang was the capitalâ€â€at least for ancestor worship/ritual purposesâ€â€for 12 Shang Dynasty kings, unusually long for the Shang Dynasty which is said to have changed its capital many times. During the period of the 14 predynastic Shang lords, the capital changed eight times, and in the period of the 30 kings, seven times. The Shang (at least in the later period) practiced sacrifice and ancestor worship, with mortuary rituals. The Shang dynasty king was theocrat: his power came from the peoples belief that he could communicate with the high god Ti via his ancestors. Small Earlier Chinese Cities Recent archaeological excavations have determined that remains in Sichuan, previously thought to have been from the Han Dynasty, actually date from as early as c. 2500 B.C.E. Such sites were smaller complexes than the ones from the three dynasties but may have held a primary position among Chinese cities. Updated by K. Kris Hirst and N.S. Gill Sources:​ Lawler A. 2009. Beyond the Yellow River: How China Became China. Science 325(5943):930-935. Lee YK. 2002. Building the Chronology of Early Chinese History. Asian Perspectives 41(1):15-42. Liu L. 2009. State Emergence in Early China. Annual Review of Anthropology 38:217-232. Murowchick RE, and Cohen DJ. 2001. Searching for Shang’s Beginnings: Great City Shang, City Song, and Collaborative Archaeology in Shangqui, Henan. Review of Archaeology 22(2):47-61.
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